题目描述：
Serialization is the process of converting a data structure or object into a sequence of bits so that it can be stored in a file or memory buffer, or transmitted across a network connection link to be reconstructed later in the same or another computer environment.
Design an algorithm to serialize and deserialize a binary tree. There is no restriction on how your serialization/deserialization algorithm should work. You just need to ensure that a binary tree can be serialized to a string and this string can be deserialized to the original tree structure.
For example, you may serialize the following tree
1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
as "[1,2,3,null,null,4,5]", just the same as how LeetCode OJ serializes a binary tree. You do not necessarily need to follow this format, so please be creative and come up with different approaches yourself.
就是写一个类，完成二叉树的序列化和反序列化。
所谓序列化，就是将一个对象变成流，对本题而言，是说把一个树对象转换成字符串的形式。
思路：
本题可以考虑DFS和BFS两种方式，可以根据具体应用情形进行选择。
但本题要求限制使用空间，因此BFS无法通过测试数据。
实现代码：
DFS 方式
使用先序遍历，即根左右的顺序递归执行。/**
* Definition for a binary tree node.
* public class TreeNode {
* public int val;
* public TreeNode left;
* public TreeNode right;
* public TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
* }
*/
public class Codec {
// Encodes a tree to a single string.
public string serialize(TreeNode root)
{
var sb = new StringBuilder();
serialize(root, sb);
return sb.ToString();
}
private void serialize(TreeNode root, StringBuilder sb) {
if (root == null) {
sb.Append(" # ");
} else {
sb.Append(root.val + " ");
serialize(root.left, sb);
serialize(root.right, sb);
}
}
public TreeNode deserialize(string data) {
if (data == null || data.Length == 0) {
return null;
}
var values = data.Split(' ').Where(x => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(x)).ToList(); // skip empty string in values. IMPORTANT
return deserialize(ref values);
}
private TreeNode deserialize(ref List<string> values) {
if(values.Count == 0){
return null;
}
String val = values[0];
values.RemoveAt(0);
if (val == "#") {
return null;
}
var root = new TreeNode(int.Parse(val));
root.left = deserialize(ref values);
root.right = deserialize(ref values);
return root;
}
}
// Your Codec object will be instantiated and called as such:
// Codec codec = new Codec();
// codec.deserialize(codec.serialize(root));
BFS 方式（逐层序列化，存父节点）
public class Codec {
// Encodes a tree to a single string.
public string serialize(TreeNode root) {
if(root == null){
return "";
}
var result = root.val.ToString();
var nodes = new List<TreeNode>();
if(root.left != null){
nodes.Add(root.left);
}
if(root.right != null){
nodes.Add(root.right);
}
serialize(ref nodes, ref result);
return result;
}
private void serialize(ref List<TreeNode> nodes, ref string result)
{
if(nodes.Count == 0){
return ;
}
var next = new List<TreeNode>();
for(var i = 0;i < nodes.Count; i++){
var n = nodes[i];
result += "," + n.val;
if(n.left != null){
next.Add(n.left);
}
if(n.right != null){
next.Add(n.right);
}
}
serialize(ref next, ref result);
}
// Decodes your encoded data to tree.
public TreeNode deserialize(string data)
{
if(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(data)){
return null;
}
var values = data.Split(',').ToList();
if(values[0] == "null"){
return null;
}
var v = values[0];
values.RemoveAt(0);
var root = new TreeNode(int.Parse(v));
var parents = new Queue<TreeNode>();
parents.Enqueue(root);
var next = new List<TreeNode>();
while(parents.Count > 0){
var p = parents.Dequeue();
if(values.Count > 0){
var vLeft = values[0];
values.RemoveAt(0);
if(vLeft != "null"){
p.left = new TreeNode(int.Parse(vLeft));
next.Add(p.left);
}
}
if(values.Count > 0){
var vRight = values[0];
values.RemoveAt(0);
if(vRight != "null"){
p.right = new TreeNode(int.Parse(vRight));
next.Add(p.right);
}
}
if(parents.Count == 0){
parents = new Queue<TreeNode>(next);
next.Clear();
}
}
return root;
}
}