[原]Docker简介/安装/使用
undoner发表于 2016-08-23 18:01:56
什么是Docker？
docker是一个开源的应用容器引擎，系统级的轻量虚拟化技术。
应用程序的自动化部署解决方案，能够迅速创建一个容器，并在容器上部署和运行应用程序，并通过配置文件可以轻松实现应用程序的自动化安装、部署和升级。
docker使用Go语言编写，用cgroup实现资源隔离，容器技术采用LXC，lxc是一种内核虚拟化技术，提供轻量级的虚拟化。lxc是linux内核一个特性，它允许进程或进程组运行在一块独立的空间，并能对其控制。并实现容器与宿主机资源共享。
相关组件及功能？
1.LXC，docker是lxc的管理器。提供一系列更强的功能，如可移植性（定义了标准，可以在任意主机运行）、自动化构建（dockerfile）、版本控制、镜像共享等。
2.cgroup，lxc是cgroup的管理工具。限制进程或进程组使用的系统资源管理。提供类似文件的接口，非常方便配置。
3.namespace，cgroup是namespace的用户空间的管理接口。并对进程或进程组之间隔离，如果net、mnt、pid、user等。
4.aufs（AnotherUnionFS），支持将不同目录挂载到同一个虚拟文件系统。docker容器分为只读的镜像层与上面可写层，AUFS实现在可写层上进行增量的修改（增量文件系统）。
docker目前支持的联合文件系统种类包括 AUFS、btrfs、vfs和DeviceMapper
5.chroot，使容器运行在指定的目录内。
组件之间关系？
cgroup是在底层实现资源管理，lxc在cgroup上封装了一层，docker又在lxc封装了一层。
工作方式？
当我们启动一个docker容器时，docker会加载只读镜像，并在其上添加一个读写层（将镜像目录复制一份到/var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt以ID为目录下，我们可以使用chroot进入此目录，与容器里面的目录一样）。如果运行中的容器修改现有的一个已经存在的文件，那该文件将会从读写层下面的只读层复制到读写层，该文件的只读版本仍然存在，只是已经被读写层中的该文件的副本所隐藏，当删除docker容器，并通过该镜像重新启动时，之前的更改将会丢失。
在docker中，只读层及在顶部的读写层的组合被称为Union File System，UFS（联合文件系统）
（1）下载安装
下载安装
~$sudo apt-get install docker.io
~$sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/docker.io /usr/local/bin/docker
查看状态
~$sudo service docker status
docker start/running, process 17905
查看版本
~$sudo docker version
docker start/running, process 17905
vobile@vobile-B85M-D3V:~$ sudo docker version
Client version: 1.6.2
Client API version: 1.18
Go version (client): go1.2.1
Git commit (client): 7c8fca2
OS/Arch (client): linux/amd64
Server version: 1.6.2
Server API version: 1.18
Go version (server): go1.2.1
Git commit (server): 7c8fca2
OS/Arch (server): linux/amd64
查看信息
~$sudo docker -D info
Containers: 5
Images: 2
Storage Driver: aufs
Root Dir: /var/lib/docker/aufs
Backing Filesystem: extfs
Dirs: 12
Dirperm1 Supported: false
Execution Driver: native-0.2
Kernel Version: 3.13.0-92-generic
Operating System: Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS
CPUs: 4
Total Memory: 7.681 GiB
Name: vobile-B85M-D3V
ID: UBLC:EWSG:XV2E:5ILL:WDOY:PZTG:KGGO:O6GQ:ZBGJ:MFBO:UT4L:A5JH
Debug mode (server): false
Debug mode (client): true
Fds: 20
Goroutines: 22
System Time: Tue Aug 23 16:14:27 CST 2016
EventsListeners: 0
Init SHA1: 22082e594df367c79a11672c59a9d5da15851227
Init Path: /usr/lib/docker.io/dockerinit
Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
WARNING: No swap limit support
补充：
安装最新版本deocker(添加源https://get.docker.io/ubuntu)：
确认/usr/lib/apt/methods/https是否存在，如果不存在，则安装 apt-get install apt-transport-https
~$sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https
将Docker官方资料库的访问Key添加到你本地系统
~$sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 36A1D7869245C8950F966E92D8576A8BA88D21E9
Executing: gpg --ignore-time-conflict --no-options --no-default-keyring --homedir /tmp/tmp.wfZ40rp7nH --no-auto-check-trustdb --trust-model always --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --primary-keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/sogou-archive-keyring.gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 36A1D7869245C8950F966E92D8576A8BA88D21E9
gpg: requesting key A88D21E9 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: key A88D21E9: public key "Docker Release Tool (releasedocker) <docker@dotcloud.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
安装Lxc-docker包
~$sudo sh -c "echo deb https://get.docker.io/ubuntu docker main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list"
~$sudo apt-get update
安装最新版本的docker：
~$sudo apt-get install -y lxc-docker
ln -sf /usr/bin/docker /usr/local/bin/docker
~$sudo apt-get upgrade lxc-docker
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
lxc-docker is already the newest version.
（2）搜索/下载/安装images
查看images
~$sudo docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
搜索images
~$sudo docker search debian
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
debian Debian is a Linux distribution that's comp... 1585 [OK]
neurodebian NeuroDebian provides neuroscience research... 27 [OK]
jesselang/debian-vagrant Stock Debian Images made Vagrant-friendly ... 8 [OK]
armbuild/debian ARMHF port of debian 8 [OK]
eboraas/debian Debian base images, for all currently-avai... 5 [OK]
mschuerig/debian-subsonic Subsonic 5.1 on Debian/wheezy. 4 [OK]
reinblau/debian Debian with usefully default packages for ... 2 [OK]
frekele/debian docker run --rm --name debian frekele/debian 2 [OK]
datenbetrieb/debian minor adaption of official upstream debian... 1 [OK]
maxexcloo/debian Docker base image built on Debian with Sup... 1 [OK]
servivum/debian Debian Docker Base Image with Useful Tools 1 [OK]
lucasbarros/debian Basic image based on Debian 1 [OK]
webhippie/debian Docker images for debian 1 [OK]
lephare/debian Base debian images 1 [OK]
eeacms/debian Docker image for Debian to be used with EE... 1 [OK]
icedream/debian-jenkinsslave Debian for Jenkins to be used as slaves. 0 [OK]
konstruktoid/debian Debian base image 0 [OK]
smartentry/debian Debian with smartentry 0 [OK]
fike/debian Debian Images with language locale installed. 0 [OK]
mariorez/debian Debian Containers for PHP Projects 0 [OK]
nimmis/debian This is different version of Debian with a... 0 [OK]
visono/debian Docker base image of debian 7 with tools i... 0 [OK]
ustclug/debian debian image for docker with rustic mirror 0 [OK]
pl31/debian Debian base image. 0 [OK]
gnumoksha/debian [PT-BR] Imagem básica do Debian com ajust... 0 [OK]
安装debian
~$sudo docker pull debian
...
查看images
~$sudo docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
debian latest 04d4df406f8b 3 weeks ago 125.1 MB
（3）创建/运行/返回/停止/删除容器
创建容器debian
~$sudo docker create debian
运行容器debian
~$sudo docker run -i -t -d debian /bin/bash
80742db56cbbd41c604ec4cec41560e82bf8c7fed97f861f2aaa1feddb75020f
查看后台运行容器
~$sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
80742db56cbb debian:latest "/bin/bash" 21 minutes ago Up 21 minutes serene_shockley
查看容器日志(docker logs CONTAINER ID/NAMES)
~$sudo docker logs serene_shockley
或
~$sudo docker logs 80742db56cbb
返回容器(docker exec -i -t CONTAINER ID/NAMES )
~$sudo docker exec -i -t serene_shockley /bin/bash 或 ~$sudo docker exec -i -t 80742db56cbb /bin/bash
root@80742db56cbb:/#
root@80742db56cbb:/# exit
exit
停止容器而不将其删除
~$sudo docker stop NAME/ContainerID
重新启动容器：
~$sudo docker start NAME/ContainerID
删除容器，先停止它，然后用命令将其删除：
~$sudo docker rm NAME/ContainerID
删除后继续重启会报错：
Error response from daemon: no such id: 80742db56cbb
FATA[0000] Error: failed to start one or more containers
（4）文件双向拷贝
拷贝物理系统文件至容器
获取容器完整id(docker inspect -f '{{.Id}}' CONTAINER ID/NAMES)
~$sudo docker inspect -f '{{.Id}}' serene_shockley 或 ~$sudo docker inspect -f '{{.Id}}' 80742db56cbb
80742db56cbbd41c604ec4cec41560e82bf8c7fed97f861f2aaa1feddb75020f
借助 /var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt/通道+CONTAINER ID容器完整 完成文件（be.log）拷贝至 容器的/root/ 目录下
~$sudo cp -r ./be.log /var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt/80742db56cbbd41c604ec4cec41560e82bf8c7fed97f861f2aaa1feddb75020f/root/
拷贝容器文件至物理系统(docker cp CONTAINER ID/NAMES:/root/be.log /tmp/)
~$sudo docker cp 80742db56cbb:/root/be.log /tmp/ 或 ~$sudo docker cp serene_shockley:/root/be.log /tmp/
（4）补充
在docker中安装软件：
root@80742db56cbb:~# apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package vim
执行update，同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引，这样才能获取到最新的软件包
root@80742db56cbb:~# apt-get update
Get:1 http://security.debian.org jessie/updates InRelease [63.1 kB]
Ign http://httpredir.debian.org jessie InRelease
Get:2 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates InRelease [142 kB]
Get:3 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie Release.gpg [2373 B]
Get:4 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie Release [148 kB]
Get:5 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie/main amd64 Packages [9032 kB]
Err http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages
Err http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages
Get:6 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages [15.5 kB]
Get:7 http://security.debian.org jessie/updates/main amd64 Packages [385 kB]
Fetched 9788 kB in 1min 42s (95.4 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
再次安装vim
root@80742db56cbb:~# apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
libgpm2 vim-common vim-runtime
Suggested packages:
gpm ctags vim-doc vim-scripts
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libgpm2 vim vim-common vim-runtime
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 6218 kB of archives.
After this operation, 28.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main libgpm2 amd64 1.20.4-6.1+b2 [34.0 kB]
Get:2 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main vim-common amd64 2:7.4.488-7 [184 kB]
Get:3 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main vim-runtime all 2:7.4.488-7 [5047 kB]
Get:4 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main vim amd64 2:7.4.488-7 [953 kB]
Fetched 6218 kB in 12s (511 kB/s)
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package libgpm2:amd64.
(Reading database ... 7548 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libgpm2_1.20.4-6.1+b2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.4-6.1+b2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-common.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-common_2%3a7.4.488-7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim-common (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-runtime.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-runtime_2%3a7.4.488-7_all.deb ...
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/help.txt to /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/help.txt.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/tags to /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/tags.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Unpacking vim-runtime (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim.
Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a7.4.488-7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Setting up libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.4-6.1+b2) ...
Setting up vim-common (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Setting up vim-runtime (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Processing /usr/share/vim/addons/doc
Setting up vim (2:7.4.488-7) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/editor (editor) in auto mode
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-18+deb8u4) ...
docker是一个开源的应用容器引擎，系统级的轻量虚拟化技术。
应用程序的自动化部署解决方案，能够迅速创建一个容器，并在容器上部署和运行应用程序，并通过配置文件可以轻松实现应用程序的自动化安装、部署和升级。
docker使用Go语言编写，用cgroup实现资源隔离，容器技术采用LXC，lxc是一种内核虚拟化技术，提供轻量级的虚拟化。lxc是linux内核一个特性，它允许进程或进程组运行在一块独立的空间，并能对其控制。并实现容器与宿主机资源共享。
相关组件及功能？
1.LXC，docker是lxc的管理器。提供一系列更强的功能，如可移植性（定义了标准，可以在任意主机运行）、自动化构建（dockerfile）、版本控制、镜像共享等。
2.cgroup，lxc是cgroup的管理工具。限制进程或进程组使用的系统资源管理。提供类似文件的接口，非常方便配置。
3.namespace，cgroup是namespace的用户空间的管理接口。并对进程或进程组之间隔离，如果net、mnt、pid、user等。
4.aufs（AnotherUnionFS），支持将不同目录挂载到同一个虚拟文件系统。docker容器分为只读的镜像层与上面可写层，AUFS实现在可写层上进行增量的修改（增量文件系统）。
docker目前支持的联合文件系统种类包括 AUFS、btrfs、vfs和DeviceMapper
5.chroot，使容器运行在指定的目录内。
组件之间关系？
cgroup是在底层实现资源管理，lxc在cgroup上封装了一层，docker又在lxc封装了一层。
工作方式？
当我们启动一个docker容器时，docker会加载只读镜像，并在其上添加一个读写层（将镜像目录复制一份到/var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt以ID为目录下，我们可以使用chroot进入此目录，与容器里面的目录一样）。如果运行中的容器修改现有的一个已经存在的文件，那该文件将会从读写层下面的只读层复制到读写层，该文件的只读版本仍然存在，只是已经被读写层中的该文件的副本所隐藏，当删除docker容器，并通过该镜像重新启动时，之前的更改将会丢失。
在docker中，只读层及在顶部的读写层的组合被称为Union File System，UFS（联合文件系统）
（1）下载安装
下载安装
~$sudo apt-get install docker.io
~$sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/docker.io /usr/local/bin/docker
查看状态
~$sudo service docker status
docker start/running, process 17905
查看版本
~$sudo docker version
docker start/running, process 17905
vobile@vobile-B85M-D3V:~$ sudo docker version
Client version: 1.6.2
Client API version: 1.18
Go version (client): go1.2.1
Git commit (client): 7c8fca2
OS/Arch (client): linux/amd64
Server version: 1.6.2
Server API version: 1.18
Go version (server): go1.2.1
Git commit (server): 7c8fca2
OS/Arch (server): linux/amd64
查看信息
~$sudo docker -D info
Containers: 5
Images: 2
Storage Driver: aufs
Root Dir: /var/lib/docker/aufs
Backing Filesystem: extfs
Dirs: 12
Dirperm1 Supported: false
Execution Driver: native-0.2
Kernel Version: 3.13.0-92-generic
Operating System: Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS
CPUs: 4
Total Memory: 7.681 GiB
Name: vobile-B85M-D3V
ID: UBLC:EWSG:XV2E:5ILL:WDOY:PZTG:KGGO:O6GQ:ZBGJ:MFBO:UT4L:A5JH
Debug mode (server): false
Debug mode (client): true
Fds: 20
Goroutines: 22
System Time: Tue Aug 23 16:14:27 CST 2016
EventsListeners: 0
Init SHA1: 22082e594df367c79a11672c59a9d5da15851227
Init Path: /usr/lib/docker.io/dockerinit
Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
WARNING: No swap limit support
补充：
安装最新版本deocker(添加源https://get.docker.io/ubuntu)：
确认/usr/lib/apt/methods/https是否存在，如果不存在，则安装 apt-get install apt-transport-https
~$sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https
将Docker官方资料库的访问Key添加到你本地系统
~$sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 36A1D7869245C8950F966E92D8576A8BA88D21E9
Executing: gpg --ignore-time-conflict --no-options --no-default-keyring --homedir /tmp/tmp.wfZ40rp7nH --no-auto-check-trustdb --trust-model always --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --primary-keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/sogou-archive-keyring.gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 36A1D7869245C8950F966E92D8576A8BA88D21E9
gpg: requesting key A88D21E9 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: key A88D21E9: public key "Docker Release Tool (releasedocker) <docker@dotcloud.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
安装Lxc-docker包
~$sudo sh -c "echo deb https://get.docker.io/ubuntu docker main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list"
~$sudo apt-get update
安装最新版本的docker：
~$sudo apt-get install -y lxc-docker
ln -sf /usr/bin/docker /usr/local/bin/docker
~$sudo apt-get upgrade lxc-docker
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
lxc-docker is already the newest version.
（2）搜索/下载/安装images
查看images
~$sudo docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
搜索images
~$sudo docker search debian
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
debian Debian is a Linux distribution that's comp... 1585 [OK]
neurodebian NeuroDebian provides neuroscience research... 27 [OK]
jesselang/debian-vagrant Stock Debian Images made Vagrant-friendly ... 8 [OK]
armbuild/debian ARMHF port of debian 8 [OK]
eboraas/debian Debian base images, for all currently-avai... 5 [OK]
mschuerig/debian-subsonic Subsonic 5.1 on Debian/wheezy. 4 [OK]
reinblau/debian Debian with usefully default packages for ... 2 [OK]
frekele/debian docker run --rm --name debian frekele/debian 2 [OK]
datenbetrieb/debian minor adaption of official upstream debian... 1 [OK]
maxexcloo/debian Docker base image built on Debian with Sup... 1 [OK]
servivum/debian Debian Docker Base Image with Useful Tools 1 [OK]
lucasbarros/debian Basic image based on Debian 1 [OK]
webhippie/debian Docker images for debian 1 [OK]
lephare/debian Base debian images 1 [OK]
eeacms/debian Docker image for Debian to be used with EE... 1 [OK]
icedream/debian-jenkinsslave Debian for Jenkins to be used as slaves. 0 [OK]
konstruktoid/debian Debian base image 0 [OK]
smartentry/debian Debian with smartentry 0 [OK]
fike/debian Debian Images with language locale installed. 0 [OK]
mariorez/debian Debian Containers for PHP Projects 0 [OK]
nimmis/debian This is different version of Debian with a... 0 [OK]
visono/debian Docker base image of debian 7 with tools i... 0 [OK]
ustclug/debian debian image for docker with rustic mirror 0 [OK]
pl31/debian Debian base image. 0 [OK]
gnumoksha/debian [PT-BR] Imagem básica do Debian com ajust... 0 [OK]
安装debian
~$sudo docker pull debian
...
查看images
~$sudo docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
debian latest 04d4df406f8b 3 weeks ago 125.1 MB
（3）创建/运行/返回/停止/删除容器
创建容器debian
~$sudo docker create debian
运行容器debian
~$sudo docker run -i -t -d debian /bin/bash
80742db56cbbd41c604ec4cec41560e82bf8c7fed97f861f2aaa1feddb75020f
查看后台运行容器
~$sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
80742db56cbb debian:latest "/bin/bash" 21 minutes ago Up 21 minutes serene_shockley
查看容器日志(docker logs CONTAINER ID/NAMES)
~$sudo docker logs serene_shockley
或
~$sudo docker logs 80742db56cbb
返回容器(docker exec -i -t CONTAINER ID/NAMES )
~$sudo docker exec -i -t serene_shockley /bin/bash 或 ~$sudo docker exec -i -t 80742db56cbb /bin/bash
root@80742db56cbb:/#
root@80742db56cbb:/# exit
exit
停止容器而不将其删除
~$sudo docker stop NAME/ContainerID
重新启动容器：
~$sudo docker start NAME/ContainerID
删除容器，先停止它，然后用命令将其删除：
~$sudo docker rm NAME/ContainerID
删除后继续重启会报错：
Error response from daemon: no such id: 80742db56cbb
FATA[0000] Error: failed to start one or more containers
（4）文件双向拷贝
拷贝物理系统文件至容器
获取容器完整id(docker inspect -f '{{.Id}}' CONTAINER ID/NAMES)
~$sudo docker inspect -f '{{.Id}}' serene_shockley 或 ~$sudo docker inspect -f '{{.Id}}' 80742db56cbb
80742db56cbbd41c604ec4cec41560e82bf8c7fed97f861f2aaa1feddb75020f
借助 /var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt/通道+CONTAINER ID容器完整 完成文件（be.log）拷贝至 容器的/root/ 目录下
~$sudo cp -r ./be.log /var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt/80742db56cbbd41c604ec4cec41560e82bf8c7fed97f861f2aaa1feddb75020f/root/
拷贝容器文件至物理系统(docker cp CONTAINER ID/NAMES:/root/be.log /tmp/)
~$sudo docker cp 80742db56cbb:/root/be.log /tmp/ 或 ~$sudo docker cp serene_shockley:/root/be.log /tmp/
（4）补充
在docker中安装软件：
root@80742db56cbb:~# apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package vim
执行update，同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引，这样才能获取到最新的软件包
root@80742db56cbb:~# apt-get update
Get:1 http://security.debian.org jessie/updates InRelease [63.1 kB]
Ign http://httpredir.debian.org jessie InRelease
Get:2 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates InRelease [142 kB]
Get:3 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie Release.gpg [2373 B]
Get:4 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie Release [148 kB]
Get:5 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie/main amd64 Packages [9032 kB]
Err http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages
Err http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages
Get:6 http://httpredir.debian.org jessie-updates/main amd64 Packages [15.5 kB]
Get:7 http://security.debian.org jessie/updates/main amd64 Packages [385 kB]
Fetched 9788 kB in 1min 42s (95.4 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
再次安装vim
root@80742db56cbb:~# apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
libgpm2 vim-common vim-runtime
Suggested packages:
gpm ctags vim-doc vim-scripts
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libgpm2 vim vim-common vim-runtime
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 6218 kB of archives.
After this operation, 28.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main libgpm2 amd64 1.20.4-6.1+b2 [34.0 kB]
Get:2 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main vim-common amd64 2:7.4.488-7 [184 kB]
Get:3 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main vim-runtime all 2:7.4.488-7 [5047 kB]
Get:4 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main vim amd64 2:7.4.488-7 [953 kB]
Fetched 6218 kB in 12s (511 kB/s)
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package libgpm2:amd64.
(Reading database ... 7548 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libgpm2_1.20.4-6.1+b2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.4-6.1+b2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-common.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-common_2%3a7.4.488-7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim-common (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-runtime.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-runtime_2%3a7.4.488-7_all.deb ...
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/help.txt to /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/help.txt.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/tags to /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/tags.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Unpacking vim-runtime (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim.
Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a7.4.488-7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Setting up libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.4-6.1+b2) ...
Setting up vim-common (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Setting up vim-runtime (2:7.4.488-7) ...
Processing /usr/share/vim/addons/doc
Setting up vim (2:7.4.488-7) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/editor (editor) in auto mode
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-18+deb8u4) ...