A major source of difficulty in many real-world artificial intelligence applications is that many of the factors of variation influence every single piece of data we are able to observe. The individual pixels in an image of a red car might be very close to black at night. The shape of the car’s silhouette depends on the viewing angle. Most applications require us to disentangle the factors of variation and discard the ones that we do not care about .

在现实世界里，应用人工智能的主要难题是我们观察到的每一份数据，都受到各种变化的因素影响。比如一辆红色汽车的每个像素在晚上就十分像黑色的像素点，汽车的轮廓外形就随着不同的角度看去不一样形状。大多数的应用场合，需要我们把这些变化的因素整理出来，把不需要的因素进行丢弃掉。

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