a - b。我故意选择了减法，因为它是不可交换的。这可以强调出操作顺序的重要性，与加法操作相比，你可能会在实现时误将 a 和 b 翻转，但还是得到相同的结果。>>> def sub(): a - b
...
>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(sub)
1 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (a)
2 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (b)
4 BINARY_SUBTRACT
6 POP_TOP
8 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
10 RETURN_VALUEcase TARGET(BINARY_SUBTRACT): {
PyObject *right = POP();
PyObject *left = TOP();
PyObject *diff = PyNumber_Subtract(left, right);
Py_DECREF(right);
Py_DECREF(left);
SET_TOP(diff);
if (diff == NULL)
goto error;
DISPATCH();
}a - b 时，会在 a 的类型中查找__sub__()，然后把 b 作为它的参数。这很像我写属性访问的文章 里的__getattribute__()，特殊/魔术方法是根据对象的类型来解析的，并不是出于性能目的而解析对象本身；在下面的示例代码中，我使用_mro_getattr() 表示此过程。# 通过调用__sub__()实现减法
def sub(lhs: Any, rhs: Any, /) -> Any:
"""Implement the binary operation `a - b`."""
lhs_type = type(lhs)
try:
subtract = _mro_getattr(lhs_type, "__sub__")
except AttributeError:
msg = f"unsupported operand type(s) for -: {lhs_type!r} and {type(rhs)!r}"
raise TypeError(msg)
else:
return subtract(lhs, rhs)# 减法的实现，其中表达式的左侧和右侧均可参与运算
_MISSING = object()
def sub(lhs: Any, rhs: Any, /) -> Any:
# lhs.__sub__
lhs_type = type(lhs)
try:
lhs_method = debuiltins._mro_getattr(lhs_type, "__sub__")
except AttributeError:
lhs_method = _MISSING
# lhs.__rsub__ (for knowing if rhs.__rub__ should be called first)
try:
lhs_rmethod = debuiltins._mro_getattr(lhs_type, "__rsub__")
except AttributeError:
lhs_rmethod = _MISSING
# rhs.__rsub__
rhs_type = type(rhs)
try:
rhs_method = debuiltins._mro_getattr(rhs_type, "__rsub__")
except AttributeError:
rhs_method = _MISSING
call_lhs = lhs, lhs_method, rhs
call_rhs = rhs, rhs_method, lhs
if lhs_type is not rhs_type:
calls = call_lhs, call_rhs
else:
calls = (call_lhs,)
for first_obj, meth, second_obj in calls:
if meth is _MISSING:
continue
value = meth(first_obj, second_obj)
if value is not NotImplemented:
return value
else:
raise TypeError(
f"unsupported operand type(s) for -: {lhs_type!r} and {rhs_type!r}"
)# Python中减法的完整实现
_MISSING = object()
def sub(lhs: Any, rhs: Any, /) -> Any:
# lhs.__sub__
lhs_type = type(lhs)
try:
lhs_method = debuiltins._mro_getattr(lhs_type, "__sub__")
except AttributeError:
lhs_method = _MISSING
# lhs.__rsub__ (for knowing if rhs.__rub__ should be called first)
try:
lhs_rmethod = debuiltins._mro_getattr(lhs_type, "__rsub__")
except AttributeError:
lhs_rmethod = _MISSING
# rhs.__rsub__
rhs_type = type(rhs)
try:
rhs_method = debuiltins._mro_getattr(rhs_type, "__rsub__")
except AttributeError:
rhs_method = _MISSING
call_lhs = lhs, lhs_method, rhs
call_rhs = rhs, rhs_method, lhs
if (
rhs_type is not _MISSING # Do we care?
and rhs_type is not lhs_type # Could RHS be a subclass?
and issubclass(rhs_type, lhs_type) # RHS is a subclass!
and lhs_rmethod is not rhs_method # Is __r*__ actually different?
):
calls = call_rhs, call_lhs
elif lhs_type is not rhs_type:
calls = call_lhs, call_rhs
else:
calls = (call_lhs,)
for first_obj, meth, second_obj in calls:
if meth is _MISSING:
continue
value = meth(first_obj, second_obj)
if value is not NotImplemented:
return value
else:
raise TypeError(
f"unsupported operand type(s) for -: {lhs_type!r} and {rhs_type!r}"
)# 一个创建闭包的函数，实现了二元运算的逻辑
_MISSING = object()
def _create_binary_op(name: str, operator: str) -> Any:
"""Create a binary operation function.
The `name` parameter specifies the name of the special method used for the
binary operation (e.g. `sub` for `__sub__`). The `operator` name is the
token representing the binary operation (e.g. `-` for subtraction).
"""
lhs_method_name = f"__{name}__"
def binary_op(lhs: Any, rhs: Any, /) -> Any:
"""A closure implementing a binary operation in Python."""
rhs_method_name = f"__r{name}__"
# lhs.__*__
lhs_type = type(lhs)
try:
lhs_method = debuiltins._mro_getattr(lhs_type, lhs_method_name)
except AttributeError:
lhs_method = _MISSING
# lhs.__r*__ (for knowing if rhs.__r*__ should be called first)
try:
lhs_rmethod = debuiltins._mro_getattr(lhs_type, rhs_method_name)
except AttributeError:
lhs_rmethod = _MISSING
# rhs.__r*__
rhs_type = type(rhs)
try:
rhs_method = debuiltins._mro_getattr(rhs_type, rhs_method_name)
except AttributeError:
rhs_method = _MISSING
call_lhs = lhs, lhs_method, rhs
call_rhs = rhs, rhs_method, lhs
if (
rhs_type is not _MISSING # Do we care?
and rhs_type is not lhs_type # Could RHS be a subclass?
and issubclass(rhs_type, lhs_type) # RHS is a subclass!
and lhs_rmethod is not rhs_method # Is __r*__ actually different?
):
calls = call_rhs, call_lhs
elif lhs_type is not rhs_type:
calls = call_lhs, call_rhs
else:
calls = (call_lhs,)
for first_obj, meth, second_obj in calls:
if meth is _MISSING:
continue
value = meth(first_obj, second_obj)
if value is not NotImplemented:
return value
else:
exc = TypeError(
f"unsupported operand type(s) for {operator}: {lhs_type!r} and {rhs_type!r}"
)
exc._binary_op = operator
raise exc