许多Python初学者都会问:我应该学习哪个版本的Python。对于这个问题,我的回答通常是“先选择一个最适合你的Python教程,教程中使用哪个版本的Python,你就用那个版本。等学得差不多了,再来研究不同版本之间的差别”。但如果想要用Python开发一个新项目,那么该如何选择Python版本呢?我可以负责任的说,大部分Python库都同时支持Python 2.7.x和3.x版本的,所以不论选择哪个版本都是可以的。但为了在使用Python时避开某些版本中一些常见的陷阱,或需要移植某个Python项目时,依然有必要了解一下Python两个常见版本之间的主要区别。__future__模块Python 3.x引入了一些与Python 2不兼容的关键字和特性,在Python 2中,可以通过内置的__future__模块导入这些新内容。如果你希望在Python 2环境下写的代码也可以在Python 3.x中运行,那么建议使用__future__模块。例如,如果希望在Python 2中拥有Python 3.x的整数除法行为,可以通过下面的语句导入相应的模块。from __future__ import division下表列出了__future__中其他可导入的特性:特性可选版本强制版本效果nested_scopes2.1.0b12.2PEP 227:Statically Nested Scopesgenerators2.2.0a12.3PEP 255:Simple Generatorsdivision2.2.0a23.0PEP 238:Changing the Division Operatorabsolute_import2.5.0a13.0PEP 328:Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relativewith_statement2.5.0a12.6PEP 343:The “with” Statementprint_function2.6.0a23.0PEP 3105:Make print a functionunicode_literals2.6.0a23.0PEP 3112:Bytes literals in Python 3000(来源:https://docs.python.org/2/library/future.html)示例:from platform import python_versionprint函数虽然print语法是Python 3中一个很小的改动,且应该已经广为人知,但依然值得提一下:Python 2中的print语句被Python 3中的print()函数取代,这意味着在Python 3中必须用括号将需要输出的对象括起来。在Python 2中使用额外的括号也是可以的。但反过来在Python 3中想以Python2的形式不带括号调用print函数时,会触发SyntaxError。Python 2:print 'Python', python_version()
print 'Hello, World!'
print('Hello, World!')
print "text", ; print 'print more text on the same line'Python 2.7.6
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
text print more text on the same linePython 3:print('Python', python_version())
print('Hello, World!')
print("some text,", end="")
print(' print more text on the same line')Python 3.4.1
Hello, World!
some text, print more text on the same lineprint 'Hello, World!'File “”, line 1print ‘Hello, World!’^SyntaxError: invalid syntax注意:在Python中,带不带括号输出”Hello World”都很正常。但如果在圆括号中同时输出多个对象时,就会创建一个元组,这是因为在Python 2中,print是一个语句,而不是函数调用。print 'Python', python_version()
print('a', 'b')
print 'a', 'b'Python 2.7.7(‘a’, ‘b’)a b整数除法由于人们常常会忽视Python 3在整数除法上的改动(写错了也不会触发Syntax Error),所以在移植代码或在Python 2中执行Python 3的代码时,需要特别注意这个改动。所以,我还是会在Python 3的脚本中尝试用float(3)/2或 3/2.0代替3/2,以此来避免代码在Python 2环境下可能导致的错误(或与之相反,在Python 2脚本中用from __future__ import division来使用Python 3的除法)。Python 2print 'Python', python_version()
print '3 / 2 =', 3 / 2
print '3 // 2 =', 3 // 2
print '3 / 2.0 =', 3 / 2.0
print '3 // 2.0 =', 3 // 2.0Python 2.7.63 / 2 = 13 // 2 = 13 / 2.0 = 1.53 // 2.0 = 1.0Python 3print('Python', python_version())
print('3 / 2 =', 3 / 2)
print('3 // 2 =', 3 // 2)
print('3 / 2.0 =', 3 / 2.0)
print('3 // 2.0 =', 3 // 2.0)Python 3.4.13 / 2 = 1.53 // 2 = 13 / 2.0 = 1.53 // 2.0 = 1.0UnicodePython 2有基于ASCII的str()类型,其可通过单独的unicode()函数转成unicode类型,但没有byte类型。而在Python 3中,终于有了Unicode(utf-8)字符串,以及两个字节类:bytes和bytearrays。Python 2print 'Python', python_version()Python 2.7.6print type(unicode('this is like a python3 str type'))print type(b'byte type does not exist')print 'they are really' + b' the same'they are really the sameprint type(bytearray(b'bytearray oddly does exist though'))Python 3print('Python', python_version())
print('strings are now utf-8 u03BCnicou0394é!')Python 3.4.1strings are now utf-8 μnicoΔé!print('Python', python_version(), end="")
print(' has', type(b' bytes for storing data'))Python 3.4.1 has print('and Python', python_version(), end="")
print(' also has', type(bytearray(b'bytearrays')))and Python 3.4.1 also has 'note that we cannot add a string' + b'bytes for data'—————————————————————————TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()—-> 1 ‘note that we cannot add a string’ + b’bytes for data’TypeError: Can’t convert ‘bytes’ object to str implicitlyxrange在Python 2.x中,经常会用xrange()创建一个可迭代对象,通常出现在“for循环”或“列表/集合/字典推导式”中。这种行为与生成器非常相似(如”惰性求值“),但这里的xrange-iterable无尽的,意味着可能在这个xrange上无限迭代。由于xrange的“惰性求知“特性,如果只需迭代一次(如for循环中),range()通常比xrange()快一些。不过不建议在多次迭代中使用range(),因为range()每次都会在内存中重新生成一个列表。在Python 3中,range()的实现方式与xrange()函数相同,所以就不存在专用的xrange()(在Python 3中使用xrange()会触发NameError)。import timeit
n = 10000
def test_range(n):
return for i in range(n):
pass
def test_xrange(n):
for i in xrange(n):
passPython 2print 'Python', python_version()
print 'ntiming range()'
%timeit test_range(n)
print 'nntiming xrange()'
%timeit test_xrange(n)Python 2.7.6timing range()1000 loops, best of 3: 433 µs per looptiming xrange()1000 loops, best of 3: 350 µs per loopPython 3print('Python', python_version())
print('ntiming range()')
%timeit test_range(n)Python 3.4.1timing range()1000 loops, best of 3: 520 µs per loopprint(xrange(10))—————————————————————————NameError Traceback (most recent call last)in ()—-> 1 print(xrange(10))NameError: name ‘xrange’ is not definedPython 3中的range对象中的__contains__方法另一个值得一提的是,在Python 3.x中,range有了一个新的__contains__方法。__contains__方法可以有效的加快Python 3.x中整数和布尔型的“查找”速度。x = 10000000
def val_in_range(x, val):
return val in range(x)
def val_in_xrange(x, val):
return val in xrange(x)
print('Python', python_version())
assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x//2)Python 3.4.11 loops, best of 3: 742 ms per loop1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 µs per loop根据上面的timeit的结果,查找整数比查找浮点数要快大约6万倍。但由于Python 2.x中的range或xrange没有__contains__方法,所以在Python 2中的整数和浮点数的查找速度差别不大。print 'Python', python_version()
assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0) == True)
assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)
%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0)
%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2.0)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2) Python 2.7.61 loops, best of 3: 285 ms per loop1 loops, best of 3: 179 ms per loop1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop1 loops, best of 3: 556 ms per loop下面的代码证明了Python 2.x中没有__contain__方法:print('Python', python_version())
range.__contains__Python 3.4.1 in ()1 print ‘Python’, python_version()—-> 2 range.__contains__AttributeError: ‘builtin_function_or_method’ object has no attribute ‘__contains__’print('Python', python_version())
xrange.__contains__Python 2.7.6—————————————————————————AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)in ()1 print ‘Python’, python_version()—-> 2 xrange.__contains__AttributeError: type object ‘xrange’ has no attribute ‘__contains__’关于Python 2中xrange()与Python 3中range()之间的速度差异的一点说明:有读者指出了Python 3中的range()和Python 2中xrange()执行速度有差异。由于这两者的实现方式相同,因此理论上执行速度应该也是相同的。这里的速度差别仅仅是因为Python 3的总体速度就比Python 2慢。def test_while():
i = 0
while i < 20000:
i += 1
returnprint('Python', python_version())
%timeit test_while()Python 3.4.1%timeit test_while()100 loops, best of 3: 2.68 ms per loopprint 'Python', python_version()
%timeit test_while()Python 2.7.61000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 ms per loop触发异常Python 2支持新旧两种异常触发语法,而Python 3只接受带括号的的语法(不然会触发SyntaxError):Python 2print 'Python', python_version()Python 2.7.6raise IOError, "file error"—————————————————————————IOError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()—-> 1 raise IOError, “file error”IOError: file errorraise IOError("file error")—————————————————————————IOError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()—-> 1 raise IOError(“file error”)IOError: file errorPython 3raise IOError, "file error"File “”, line 1raise IOError, “file error”^SyntaxError: invalid syntaxThe proper way to raise an exception in Python 3:print('Python', python_version())
raise IOError("file error")Python 3.4.1—————————————————————————OSError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()1 print(‘Python’, python_version())—-> 2 raise IOError(“file error”)OSError: file error异常处理Python 3中的异常处理也发生了一点变化。在Python 3中必须使用“as”关键字。Python 2print 'Python', python_version()
try:
let_us_cause_a_NameError
except NameError, err:
print err, '--> our error message'Python 2.7.6name ‘let_us_cause_a_NameError’ is not defined –> our error messagePython 3print('Python', python_version())
try:
let_us_cause_a_NameError
except NameError as err:
print(err, '--> our error message')Python 3.4.1name ‘let_us_cause_a_NameError’ is not defined –> our error messagenext()函数和.next()方法由于会经常用到next()(.next())函数(方法),所以还要提到另一个语法改动(实现方面也做了改动):在Python 2.7.5中,函数形式和方法形式都可以使用,而在Python 3中,只能使用next()函数(试图调用.next()方法会触发AttributeError)。Python 2print 'Python', python_version()
my_generator = (letter for letter in 'abcdefg')
next(my_generator)
my_generator.next()Python 2.7.6‘b’Python 3print('Python', python_version())
my_generator = (letter for letter in 'abcdefg')
next(my_generator)Python 3.4.1‘a’my_generator.next()—————————————————————————AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()—-> 1 my_generator.next()AttributeError: ‘generator’ object has no attribute ‘next’For循环变量与全局命名空间泄漏好消息是:在Python 3.x中,for循环中的变量不再会泄漏到全局命名空间中了!这是Python 3.x中做的一个改动,在“What’s New In Python 3.0”中有如下描述:“列表推导不再支持[… for var in item1, item2, …]这样的语法,使用[… for var in (item1, item2, …)]代替。还要注意列表推导有不同的语义:现在列表推导更接近list()构造器中的生成器表达式这样的语法糖,特别要注意的是,循环控制变量不会再泄漏到循环周围的空间中了。”Python 2print 'Python', python_version()
i = 1
print 'before: i =', i
print 'comprehension: ', [i for i in range(5)]
print 'after: i =', iPython 2.7.6before: i = 1comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]after: i = 4Python 3print('Python', python_version())
i = 1
print('before: i =', i)
print('comprehension:', [i for i in range(5)])
print('after: i =', i)Python 3.4.1before: i = 1comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]after: i = 1比较无序类型Python 3中另一个优秀的改动是,如果我们试图比较无序类型,会触发一个TypeError。Python 2print 'Python', python_version()
print "[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo'
print "(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo'
print "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2)Python 2.7.6[1, 2] > ‘foo’ = False(1, 2) > ‘foo’ = True[1, 2] > (1, 2) = FalsePython 3print('Python', python_version())
print("[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo')
print("(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo')
print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))Python 3.4.1—————————————————————————TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()1 print(‘Python’, python_version())—-> 2 print(“[1, 2] > ‘foo’ = “, [1, 2] > ‘foo’)3 print(“(1, 2) > ‘foo’ = “, (1, 2) > ‘foo’)4 print(“[1, 2] > (1, 2) = “, [1, 2] > (1, 2))TypeError: unorderable types: list() > str()通过input()解析用户的输入幸运的是,Python 3改进了input()函数,这样该函数就会总是将用户的输入存储为str对象。在Python 2中,为了避免读取非字符串类型会发生的一些危险行为,不得不使用raw_input()代替input()。Python 2Python 2.7.6
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> my_input = input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
>>> my_input = raw_input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
Python 3Python 3.4.1
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5577)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> my_input = input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
返回可迭代对象,而不是列表在xrange一节中可以看到,某些函数和方法在Python中返回的是可迭代对象,而不像在Python 2中返回列表。由于通常对这些对象只遍历一次,所以这种方式会节省很多内存。然而,如果通过生成器来多次迭代这些对象,效率就不高了。此时我们的确需要列表对象,可以通过list()函数简单的将可迭代对象转成列表。Python 2print 'Python', python_version()
print range(3)
print type(range(3))Python 2.7.6[0, 1, 2]Python 3print('Python', python_version())
print(range(3))
print(type(range(3)))
print(list(range(3)))Python 3.4.1
range(0, 3)
[0, 1, 2]下面列出了Python 3中其他不再返回列表的常用函数和方法:zip()map()filter()字典的.key()方法字典的.value()方法字典的.item()方法我个人学习Python用的是2.7.6,毕竟这个版本是正式用来开发的。推荐的书籍呢就是《Python核心编程》(第二版)未经允许不得转载:李阳博客»Python 2.7.x 和 3.x 版本的重要区别